Vision and Leadership in The Pact of Umar by Umar Bin Khattab: A Stylistic Analysis of Language and Ideology

Abstract

"The Pact of Umar," also known as "عهد عمر" (Ahd Umar), is a historical document attributed to Umar bin Khattab, the second caliph in Islam. It regulates the relationship between Muslim rulers and the non-Muslim communities residing in the newly conquered territories in the early seventh century CE. This research aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of this text with a focus on two main aspects: linguistic stylistics and the ideology reflected in the text. In the analysis of linguistic stylistics, we explore the use of specific words and phrases employed in the text. We find that the text begins with the phrase "بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم" (In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful), which reflects reverence for religious values. Additionally, we observe the use of metaphors and symbolism that carry additional meanings, such as the use of the word "أَمَـانـاً" (security), which goes beyond physical protection to encompass the safety and tranquility of the community. In the analysis of ideology, we uncover a commitment to values such as religious tolerance, freedom of religion, and the role of a leader as a moral protector. The text asserts that non-Muslim communities will be granted protection and religious freedom without being forced to change their beliefs. This research provides a deeper understanding of Umar bin Khattab's worldview in managing newly conquered territories and the values he upheld. While the text has a specific historical context, the values reflected in it remain relevant in the context of interfaith dialogue and social harmony in today's diverse societies.