Sustaining the Workforce in Indonesia and Malaysia: A Systematic Review of Well-Being, Adaptability, and Responsible Leadership

Abstract

Workforce sustainability has become an important concern in Indonesia and Malaysia as organizations respond to changing work arrangements, technological development, and growing attention to employee welfare. This study reviews research on workforce sustainability in both countries, focusing on employee well-being, adaptability, and responsible leadership. The review follows the PRISMA guidelines in identifying, screening, and analysing relevant journal articles. The selected studies are compared according to their research context, methods, theoretical perspectives, and main findings. The literature indicates that employee well-being is closely associated with supportive working conditions, work-life balance, and psychological health. Adaptability helps employees respond to technological change, new job demands, and uncertain working conditions. Responsible leadership also plays an important role by promoting fairness, employee participation, and concern for social and environmental responsibilities. Studies from Indonesia and Malaysia share several themes, although differences in institutional settings, workplace cultures, and organizational priorities shape how these issues are addressed. Existing research has generally examined the three areas separately, leaving their combined role in sustaining the workforce insufficiently understood. This review brings the findings together and identifies areas that require closer attention in future comparative research.